Nehgy; guprspg;gpy; kwf;fg;gl;l mZtpay; Nkij!

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; etPd ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F (Modern Physical Science) mbg;gilahfp mij tpupthf;ff; fhuzkhd Kf;fpa Nkijfspy; khju;fs; %tu;! Nubak; fz;L gpbj;J> ‘,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fj;ij’ (Radioactivity) tpsf;fpa Nkup fpA+upNa Kjy;tu;! jhiag; gpd;gw;wpr; nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fj;ij’ cz;lhf;fp %yf khw;wk; (Artificial Transmutation) nra;j mtuJ %j;j Gjy;tp IuPd; N[hypal; fpA+upNa ,uz;lhktu;! fpA+up guk;giuiag; gpd;njhlu;e;J ANudpa cNyhfj;ij epA+l;uhd; fizfshy; jhf;fp> ‘mZf;fUg; gpsT’ epfo;e;Js;sJ vd;W 1939 ,y; Kjd; Kjy; giwrhw;wpa M];bupa khJ yp]; ikl;du; %d;whktu;!

mZg;gpsT mwptpg;G INuhg;ghtp Yk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; fhl;Lj; jP Nghy; gutp 1942 ,y; vd;upNfh ngu;kp Kjy; Muha;r;rp mZ ciyiar; rpfhNfhtpy; ,af;fp> Kjy; mZ MAjk; 1945 Mf];l; khjk; `pNuh\pkhtpy; Nghlg;gl;L cyfpy; mZAfg; Gul;rp cjakhdJ. mJ Kjy; mfpynkq;Fk; mZ MAjq;fSk;> mZ rf;jp epiyaq;f Sk; ngUfp cyf tuyhNw Kw;wpYk; khwpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; epfo;e;j me;j kfj;jhd Mf;fj;jpw;F 1944 ,y; mZitg; gpse;j FOtpdupy; %d;whtJ FOitr; Nru;e;j n[u;kd; tpQ;Qhdpfs; Ml;Nlh `hd;> gpupl;\; ];buh];kd; ,Utu; kl;LNk Nehgy; gupR ngw;whu;fs;. Mdhy; Ml;Nlh `hDld; ,aw;if> nraw;iff; fjpupaf;f ,af;fq;fspy; Jizahspahfg; gy Nrhjidfs; nra;J GJ %yfj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;J mZf;fU ,af;fq;fs; nra;J mtw;wpd; tpisTfis Mokhfg; Gupe;J> ‘mZg;gpsT’ vd;W ngaupl;l yp]; ikl;diuAk; ,izj;Jg; gupR mspf;f Nehgy; gupRf; FOtpdu; jtwptpl;ldu;.

yp];ikl;du; Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf Ml;Nlh `hDld; $l;lhspahf Muha;r;rpfs; nra;J ngu;ypd; nfa;]u; tpy;n`k; urhad Ma;Tr;rhiyapy; gzp Mw;wpatu;. me;j Mz;Lfspy; Nubak; fz;L gpbj;j Nkup fpA+upiag; gpd;njhlu;e;J 1917 ,y; gpr;gpsz;b jhJtpy; Gnuhlhf;bdpak; vd;Dk; GJ cNyhfj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;. mLj;J IuPd; gpunlupf; N[hypal; fpA+up jk;gjpfs; gilj;j nraw;if %y khw;w Kiwfisf; ifahz;L jhq;fSk; GJg;GJ %yf Mf;fj;jpy; Kide;J mZg;gpsT ,af;fq;fis Ml;Nlh `hDld; Nrhjpj;jtu;.

ngsjpfj; jpwik kpf;f yp]; ikl;du; ,urhadr; rpwg;Geu; Ml;Nlh `hd; ,urhadg; gpupg;G Kiwfspy; rhku;j;jparhyp ];buh];kd;> MfpNahupd; $l;L Muha;r;rpNa Kbtpy; mZg;gpsT ,af;fj;ij cWjpahf tpQ;Qhd cyfpy; epiy ehl;baJ.

yp]; ikl;du; ,Ugjhk; E}w; whz;L mZtpay; tpQ;Qhdpfspd; eLNt kpspUk; xU ituk;. khjUs; xU khzpf;fk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Nehgy; gupR ngw;w Vdu;];L &ju;/Nghu;l;L> ePy;]; Ngh`;u;> Nkup fpA+up> IuPd; fpA+up> ngf;Ftuy;> N[k;]; rhl;tpf;> vd;upNfh /ngu;kp> Id;];ild;> Ml;Nlh `hd; MfpNahupd; ePz;lfhy el;igAk; kjpg;igAk; ngw;w ngsjpf tpQ;Qhd Nkij yp];ikl;du;.

tpQ;Qhd epGzu; yp]; ikl;dupd; tho;f;if tuyhW> 1878 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 7 Mk; ehs; yp]; ikl;du; M];bupa ehl;L tpad;dhtpy; xU A+j FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. nry;te;juhd mtuJ je;ijahu; tpad;dhtpy; xU gpugy tof;fwpQu;.

yp]; ikl;du; rpWkpahf ,Ue;j me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; cau;epiyg; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbg;gJ $l Mjupf;fg; gltpy;iy. ngz;fs; Nkw;gbg;Gf;Fg; NghtJ mtu; r%fj;jpy; mwNt tuNtw;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; mtuJ ngw;Nwhu;fs; yp]; ikl;du; fy;tpf;F Cf;fk; mspj;J jdpahfg; gapw;rpahsu; %yk; Gfl;b Nkw;gbg;Gf;Fk; kpf;f Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. yp]; jdf;Ff; fzpjKk; ngsjpfKk; vspikahf ,Ug;gij mwpe;J nfhz;L mtw;wpy; kdk; Cd;wpg; gbj;Jr; rpwg;ghfj; Nju;r;rp mile;jhu;.

1906 Mk; Mz;by; yp];ikl;du;> ‘Xupdj; jukw;w jputq;fspy; ntg;g EioT’ vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghl;il vOjp tpad;dh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; PH.D. gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ngsjpfg; gl;lk; ngw;w khju;> gzp nra;a tpad;dhtpy; vt;tpj tpQ;Qhd Ntiytha;g;Gk; ,y;yhjjhy; yp]; 1907 ,y; ngu;ypd; efUf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;bajhapw;W. ngu;ypdpy; Gfo;ngw;w khf;]; gpshq;f; Mw;wpa tpQ;Qhdr; nrhw;nghopTfspy; gq;nfLj;j gpd; lhf;lu; Ml;Nlh `hd; Ma;T$lj;jpy; Nru;e;J fjpupaf;f Muha;r;rpfisr; nra;jhu;.

1906 ,y; fdlhtpypUe;J jpUk;gp n[u;kdpf;F Ml;Nlh `hd; te;j NghJjhd;> mtuJ Ma;T $lj;jpy; gzpGupa cjtpahfr; Nru;e;jhu; yp];ikl;du;. mLj;J 1911 ,y; Ml;Nlh `hDk;> yp];ikl;dUk; ngu;ypd; nfa;]u; tpy;n`k; urhad Ma;T $lj;jpy; gzp nra;a khwpdu;.

mq;Nf jdpahf Muk;gpj;j fjpu; ,urhadj;Jiwafj;jpy; Ml;Nlh `hd;> jiytuhf Mf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1915 ,y; Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; %sNt> Ml;Nlh `hd; ,uhZtj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J ,urhad er;Rg;Nghu; rpwg;Geuhfg; gzp nra;a Ntz;ba jhapw;W. yp];ikl;du; Nghupy; fhaKw;NwhUf;F cjtp Gupa gzpg;ngz;zhf Ntiy nra;jhu;.

1915 ,y; Nghu; Kbe;j gpd; ,UtUk; fjpupaf;f Muha;r;rpfisj; njhlu;e;jhu;fs;. 1932 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\; tpQ;Qhdp N[k;]; rhl;tpf; mZf;fUTs; ,Uf;Fk; epA+l;uhd; vd;Dk; Gjpa Jfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. epA+l;uhd;fspd; Ntfj;ij kpjkhf;fp ,j;jhypa tpQ;Qhdp vd;upNfh ngu;kp 1934 ,y; Kjd; Kjy; ANudpa mZitj; jhf;fp ,U $whfg; gpse;jhYk;> mtu; mjd; Kf;fpaj;ij mwpaj; jtwp tpl;lhu;.

gpsT ,af;fj;jpy; tpise;j fjpu; %yfq;fisg; gpupj;njLg;gjpy; ngu;kpapd; jpwik Nrhjpf;fg;glNt vd;d tpise;Js;sJ vd;W mwpa Kbahky; mtu; jpz;lhbg; Nghdhu;. ntWk; ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdpahd ngu;kp ,urhadr; rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhz;L mZg;gpsT Kaw;rpapy; Muk;g epiyf;F Nky; Kd;Ndw Kbatpy;iy. `pl;yupd; nfhLik jhshJ> A+juhd yp]; ikl;du; 1938 [{iyapy; RtPlDf;F Xbdhu;.

1938 brk;gupy; Ml;Nlh `hDk;> ];buh];kDk; epA+l;uhd;> ANudpa mZf;fU ,af;f tpistpy; xNu xU JZf;F Ngupaj;ijg; gpupj;J mt;tpaf;fj;ij ntspapl;lhu;fs;. ,urhad Nkijfshd ,UtUf;Fk; nka;ahf vd;d epfo;e;Js;sJ vd;W tpsq;fhky;> fbjk; %yk; RtPldpypUe;j ngsjpf Nkij yp];ikl;dUf;F me;j ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp Ml;Nlh `hd; vOjpdhu;. mjpu;\;ltrkhf ngupak;kh yp];ikl;diug; ghu;f;f te;jpUe;j uhgu;l; gpup\; Ml;Nlh `hdpd; fbjj;ijg; gbf;f Neu;e;jJ. ,UtUk; Fspu;gdpf;fhyj;jpy; neL Neuk; ele;J me;j mZf;fU ,af;f tpisit Ma;T nra;J cyf tuyhw;iwNa khw;wp tpl;l Xu; Gjpa KbTf;F te;jdu;.

gpupl;ldpy; gjpg;ghFk; ‘,aw;if’ (Nature) vd;Dk; ntspaPl;by; vOjp ,UtUk; 1939 [dtup 16 Mk; jpfjp ,t;thW mwptpj;jhu;fs;. ‘,J xU E}jd mZf;fU ,af;fk;. fjpupaf;fj;jpy; NjAk; epiyaw;w ANudpak; 235 mZf;fU xU kpj epA+l;uhd; Jfs; Nru;e;jTld; ghuk; jhq;fhky;> ,uz;L rpW Jz;lq;fshfg; gpse;jpUf;fpwJ. mit Vwf;Fiwa rkkhd rpW JZf;Ffs;. ,J Xu; ‘mZf;fUg; gpsT’ ,af;fk;. %yf mzp ml;ltizapd; ,Wjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ANudpak; jpupT epiyapy; gpse;J eLNt cs;s ,U %yfq;fshfr; rpWj;Js;sJ. ,jd; tpistpy; NgusT rf;jp ntspahFk;.

Nkw;$wpa ‘mZf;fUg; gpsT’> ‘mZf;fUr; rf;jp’ Mfpa nra;jp INuhg;ghtpYk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; kpd;dy; Nghy; gutpaJ. Ml;Nlh `hDk;> ];buh];kDk; mZitg; gpse;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W ntspg;gilahfg; giw rhw;wpdhu;fs;. mZg;gpsTf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F yp]; ikl;du; gy gupRfSk;> ntFkjpfSk; ngw;whu;. 1944 Mk; Mz;by; Ml;Nlh `hd;> ];buh];kd; mZg;gpsit cz;lhf;fpajw;F Nehgy; gupR ngw;whu;fs;.

Aj;jk; Kbe;j gpd;Gjhd; 1946 ,y; Ml;Nlh `hd;> ];buh];kd; ,UtUk; Nehgy; gupR ngw ];lhf;N`hk; nrd;whu;fs;. `pl;yU f;Fg; gae;J> Ml;Nlh `hd; mZf;fUg; gpsT tpsf;fj;jpy; A+juhd jd; Kg;gJ tUlj;Jizahspapd; gq;iff; Fiwthf vOjp kiwj;jjhy;> Nehgy; gupR yp];ikl;dUf;Ff; fpilf;fhky; NghdJ.

kw;Wk; mZ MAjk; 1945 ,y; Mf;fg;gl;L [g;ghdpy; tpOe;J Mapuf;fzf;fhd Ngu; khz;lijf; Nfl;L yp];ikl;dUk;> Ml;Nlh `hDk; kdk; cile;jdu;. nrhw;nghoptpd; NghJ yp];ikl;du; jhd; mZg;gpsTr; Nrhjidfspy; gy;yhz;L gq;Nfw;wij ntWj;J ntspNa nrhy;tijf; $l kiwf;f Kw;gl;lhu;.