,d;W cyf tpz;ntsp jpdk;

gpugQ;r Ma;tpy; kdpjdpd; Jupj Kd;Ndw;wk;

tpag;igNa tpQ;ritf;Fk; tpz;ntsp kdpj Ma;itAk; tpQ;rpr; nry;fpd;wJ. tpz;ntspapd; ,ufrpaq;fs; vy;iyaw;wd. ghy;ntsp vDk; mfd;w tPjpapNy jhiufSk; - vupjhuiffSk; cLf;fSk; tpz;fw;fSk; thy;nts;spfSk; Vfg;gl;l Nfhs;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; QhapWj; njhFjpNa gpujhdkhdJ. R+upaid eLtz;nfhz;L mjid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; tyk;tUk; Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;l njhFjpahf QhapWj; njhFjp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

R+upaidaLj;J Gjd;> nts;sp> G+kp> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp> ANud];> neg;upA+d; vDk; vl;Lf; Nfhs;fs; jk;ikj; jhNk Rw;WtNjhL R+upaidAk; tyk; tUfpd;wd. fpidl;nlhk;yhf; vd;gtuhy; 1930y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l rhwd; vDk; re;jpuidf; nfhz;lJk; 1900 iky; tpl;lKilaJk;. R+upadpypUe;J 5865 kpy;ypad; fpNyh kPw;wu; J}uj;jpYKs;s G+Sl;Nlh vDk; NfhshdJ Vida Nfhs;fspd; ,ay;gpypUe;J khWgl;ljhy; Fs;sf; fpufnkd thdpay; mwptpayhsu;fshy; tu;zpf;fg;gl;L 2006y; mjd; fpuf me;j];ij ,oe;jJ.

QhapWj; njhFjpapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; tpQ;QhdpfSk; jj;Jt QhdpfSk; tpz;zpayhsu;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itj;jdu;. itrhfu;> xl;Ngh];l;kpl;> Fapg;gu;> ngUFf; fh];l;yhg;nt];. nrl;];tpl;];> N[k;]; [Pd;];];> gdhu;]p> gt;Nthd;> fhz;];l;> yhg;ys;> N[hd;d;];> nfg;yu;> fypypNah> Irf; epA+l;ld;> [{ypa]; Ntu;d;> `p\papypop\pwpypV\pwptP > nwhgu;l; vd;w];l;> nfhu;l;lhl;> N`u;kd; xu;gj; vd;Nghu; ,tu;fspy; gpujhdkhNdhuhtu;. 1855y; gpul;n`apy; vd;gtu; Kd;itj;j Nfhl;ghL rpwg;ghff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

ehk; thOk; G+kpahdJ QhapWj; njhFjpapYs;s %d;whtJ fpufkhFk;. 7962 iky; my;yJ 12755 fpNyh kPw;wu; tpl;lKk; 12>733 fpNyh kPw;wu; Rw;wsTk; R+upadpypUe;J 149.8 kpy;ypad; fpNyh kPw;wu; njhiytpYs;sJk; 450 Nfhb tUlg; goikahdJkhd G+kp jd;idj; jhNd Rw;w 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fisAk; R+upaidr; Rw;wptu 365 1/4 ehl;fisAk; vLf;fpwJ. xl;rprd; epuk;gpa tspkz;lyj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; FbePu; kw;Wk; kdpj tho;f;iff;F Njitahd midj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;s Nfhshff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; cgNfhs; re;jpud; vdg;gLfpwJ. G+kpapypUe;J 38>400 fpNyh kPw;wu; J}uj;jpYs;s re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; 3450 fpNyh kPw;wu; fpNyh kPw;wuhFk;. cyifr; Rw;wptu 27 ehl;fisr; re;jpud; vLf;fpwJ.

G+kpapy; thOk; kdpjd; mz;lntspiaAk; mjd; mjpraj; jd;ikiaAk; Muha Kw;gl;lhd;. ,jd; %yk; tpz;ntsp Afnkhd;W Njhd;wpajhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. kdpjd; gpwg;G Kaw;rpapy; ehl;lq; nfhz;lhd;. 1903k; Mz;L brk;gu; 17k; jpfjp ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; kpf;f fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba cWjpkpf;fjhd tpkhdj;ij cUthf;fp mnkupf;fhitr; Nru;e;j iwl; rNfhjuu;fs; tuyhw;Wr; rhjid gilf;fpd;wdu;.

,ijaLj;J thD}u;jpf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpAw;wJ. 1957k; Mz;L Kjy; ,Jtiu Nrhtpaj; u\;ah> mnkupf;fh Mfpa ehLfs; fzprkhdsT nra;kjp tpz;fyq;fs;> tpz;Nzhlq;fis tpz;zpw;F Vtpd. rPdh> [g;ghd;> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfSk; jw;NghJ tpz;zha;tpy; <LgLfpd;wd. Y}d> nt];Nlhf;> n[kpdp> kupdu;> rNthau;> mg;gNyh> ry;A+l;> NrhA];> mu;gpl;lu; yhz;lu;> gazpau;> xu;gpl;lu; ntdpuh> yhz;lu; itfpq;> nfh];nkh];> nfhyk;gpah> ]NyQ;ru;> khu;]; xg;Nrtu;> khu;]; ntd;R+> ];wpl; Nwhtu;> gPdpf;];> `{gpd;> gtu; ];gpupl;> zpQpyp Nrtpau;> xg;Nghu;r;Rd;gp> ghj;igd;lu;> nehN\hkp> re;jpuahd;> fpiskl; xu;gpl;lu; khu;]; nghyu;> khu;]; xrpb> khu;]; vf;];GsNu\d;> khu;]; Nwhtu;> fh]pdp> `pAn[ad;];> Bg;,k;gf;l;> tPd]; vf;gpu];> spzpjp ml;yhz;b];> b];ftup Nghd;w nra;kjp> tpz;fy> tpz;Nzlj; njhlu;fs; ghy; tPjpiaAk; mjpy; rQ;rupf;Fk; Nfhs;fs;. mtw;wpd; re;jpud;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;Js;sJld;> tpz;ntspf;Fk;> epyTf;Fk; kdpju;fs; rQ;rupf;fTk; topNfhypAs;sd.

1957 mf;Nlhgu; 4k; jpfjp u\;ahtpdhy; 184 whj;jy; epiwAila ];Gl;dpf; - 1 nra;kjp tpz;Zf;Nftg;gl;ljd; %yk; GtpaPu;g;Gf;F mg;ghyhd tpz;ntspAfk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. mLj;J etk;gupy; ];Gl;dpf; - 2 vDk; nra;kjpia u\;ah iyf;fh vDk; ehAld; tpz;ntspf;F mDg;gpaJ. ehapwe;j epiyapy; mt; tpz;fyk; G+kp jpUk;gpaJ. 1958y; mnkupf;fh vf;];nghNyhuu; 1> vDk; tpz;fyj;ij VtpaJ. mt;thz;by; mnkupf;f tpz;ntsp Kftuhz;ik Njrpa thD}u;j;jp kw;Wk; tpz;ntsp epu;thf mikg;G (eh]h) epWtg;gl;lJ.

1961 Vg;uy; 12k; jpfjp nt];nlhf;- 1 vDk; tpz;fyj;jpid u\;ah tpz;ntspf;F mDg;gpaJ. mjpy; me;ehl;ltuhd A+upffhupd; gazpj;J 108 epkplq;fs; mz;lntspapy; rQ;rupj;J G+kp jpUk;gpdhu;. tpz;ntsp tuyhw;wpy; KjyhtJ tpz;ntsp tPuuhff; nfsutpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;. ,tu; tpz;ntsp nrd;w jpdNk cyf tpz;ntspj; jpdkhf mD\;bf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1962 ,y; mnkupf;f tpz;ntsp tPuu; N[hd; fpNsd; G+kpia tyk; te;jhu;. 1963y; KjyhtJ tpz;ntsp tPuhq;fiz vdg;gLk; u\;ahitr; Nru;e;j tyz;bid bw]; Nfhth 48 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; tpz;zpYytp G+kp jpUk;gpdhu;. N[hd; fpNsd;> upf; `];gd;l;> Nltpl; gpwTd;> fy;gd> yhuy; fpsu;f; Nghd;Nwhu; G+kpia tyk; te;jtuhtu;. ];Bg; nlhn]l; vd;gtu; gY}dpy; G+kpia tyk; te;j nfsutj;ijg; ngWfpd;whu;.

mnyNfrp ypNahd> yP Neha;]pNa> `yp];`d;> \pwpNghg; vd;Nghu; tpz;zpy; ele;j tPuu;fshtu;. NkYk; tpyhb nejhdp ngf;Nfh> ];nyl;yhd rtpl;];fah vDk; u\;ah ehl;L N[hbfs; tpz;zpy; eilgapd;Ws;sdu;. ikf; tTd;[p> nghzy;l; ];Nyl;ld;> f];fpup];]d;> vl;tu;l; itl;> Nwh[u; n\gp> tpshbkpu; ngf;Nfh> myd; n\g;gu;l;> mnkupf;f KjyhtJ tpz;ntsp tPuhq;fid Nru;sp iwl;> N[hd; aq; Nghd;w Rkhu; 300f;F Nkw;gl;l tpz;ntsp tPuu;fs; tpz;ntsp nrd;W te;J rhjid gilj;Js;sdu;.

G+kpapd; cgNfhshd re;jpuDf;F u\;ahtpd; kdpjuw;w Y}z tpz;fyj; njhlu; Kjd; Kjyhf Vtg;gl;lJ. 45 Kiw epyitr; Rw;wpa ,it 17 Kiw jiuapwq;fpAs;sd. epyhit Muha;e;j mnkupf;fh eh]h 1968 Kjy; 1972 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; xd;gJ tpz;Nzhlq;fspy; nrd;w tPuu;fspy; 12 Ngu; re;jpudpy; fhy; gjpj;Js;sdu;.

epytpy; fhy;gjpj;j KjyhtJ ngUikia ePy; Mk;];Nuhq; ngWfpwhu;. [{iy 24k; jpfjp ,f;fyk; gRgpf;fpy; ,wf;fg;gl;lJ. 1970y; mg;gNyh 13 re;jpuid tyk; tUk;NghJ Vw;gl;l Nfhshwpdhy; G+kpf;F jpUg;gg;gl;lJ. 1972 mg;gNyh 17 ,Wjpahf epyTf;Fr; nrd;W jpUk;gpaNjhL mg;gNyh jpl;lk; epiwTWfpwJ. nrypd;> n`hfNkhNuh vDk; [g;ghdpa tpz;fyq;fSk;> rPdhtpd; fhq;rp tpz;fyKk; ,e;jpahtpd; re;jpuhad; 1 tpz;fyKk; epyit Muha Mspy;yhJ mDg;gg;gl;ld.

ePy; Mk;];Nuhq;> vy;tpy; ml;wpd;> nfhz;l;uhl;> kpr;ry;> gPd; n\g;gul;> ];nfhl;> ,u;tpd;> aq; bA+f; nru;dd;> \pkpl; vd;Nghu; re;jpudpy; fhy; gjpj;j tPuu;fshthu;fs;. 2020k; Mz;Lf;Fs; mnkupf;fh kPz;Lk; epyTg; gazj;jpw;fhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis tFf;fTs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

nfhyk;gpah mnkupf;fhtpd; tpz;fy khjpupahFk;. ,J 100 jlitfs; tpz;ntsp nrd;W jpUk;gpaJ. 2003 [dtup 16y; ,J tpz;Zf;F Vtg;gl;L 16 jpdq;fs; gazpj;J ntw;wpfukhf G+kp jpUk;Gk; NghJ jiuapypUe;J 64 fp. kPw;wu; cauj;jpy; ntbj;jjhy; mjpy; gazpj;j fy;gdh rht;yh - ,yhd; uNkhd; cl;gl vOtu; gypahdhu;fs;. 1986y; rNyQ;ru; xd;gJ tPuu;fNshL mjd; 10tJ tpz;ntspg; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

,f;fyKk; tpz;zpy; ntbj;jjhy; mjpy; gazpj;j fpwp];gh kf;nfhypg;> fpNufup [hu;tp]; Mfpa tPuhq;fidfSk; gpuhd;]p]; Nfhgp> ikf;fy; ];kPj;> [{gpj; Nu];dpf;> xyprd; xdpRf;fh> nwhdhy;l; kf;n`au; Mfpa tPuu;fSkhf VO Ngu; ,we;J tpl;ldu;.

INuhg;gpa tpz;ntsp mikg;G> mT];jpNuypa tpz;ntspr; nraw;wpl;lk; N[u;kd;> [g;ghd;> rPdh> ,e;jpah tpz;ntsp Ma;Tj; jpl;lq;fs; ,tw;NwhL eh]hTk; ,ize;J vjpu;fhyj;jpy; NkYk; gy tpaf;fj;jf;f rhjidfis kdpjd; Gupa ,lk; tFg;gNjhL ,aw;ifapd; mw;Gjj;ijAk; cyNfhu; mwpe;jpl tha;g;gspf;Fk;.

(Nf. V. myPk;)