,aw;if

cyif cYf;fpa vupkiy ntbg;Gfs;

I];yhe;jpy; cs;s vupkiynahd;W ntbj;J njhd; fzf;fpy; Gifia ff;fj; njhlq;fpapUg;gJ ,d;W KO cyifAk; mjpuitj;Js;sJ. 11 fpNyh kPw;wu; cauj;Jf;F GifAk; rhk;gYk; gutpAs;sjhy; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; kl;Lkd;wp Vida ehLfspYk; tpkhdr; Nritfs; ];jk;gpjkile;Js;sJ. ,e;j vupkiy ,jw;F Kd; fp.gp. 921 kw;Wk; 1612> 1812-13 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ntbj;Js;sjhf Gtpapay; Ma;thsu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;. I];yhe;jpy; 35 vupkiyfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; ntbj;Jg; Gifiaf; ff;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; <agpayf;Af; vupkiyiatpl ngupa vupkiyfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. 1783 - 85 Mk; Mz;L tiu yhthf; vDk; vupkiy ntbj;J I];yhe;jpd; fhy;thrp kf;fis fhT nfhz;ljhf tuyhW $WfpwJ. Mdhy; <agpayf;Ay; vupkiyapdhy; capu;r;NrjNkh nghUs; NrjNkh Vw;glhjJ epk;kjpNa.

I];yhe;J vupkiyapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa rhk;gy; J}rp kz;lyk; KOikahf kiwe;J tpLtNjhL tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J rPuile;JtpLk;. Mdhy; ,jw;F rpy Ntis khjf;fzf;F $l Mfyhk; vd Gtpapay; Ma;thsu;fs; vr;rupj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.

mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; epfo;e;jhYk; vupkiy ntbg;gpdhy; ghupa Nrjq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ fpilahJ. Mdhy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; vupkiy ntbg;Gfspdhy; gy;yhapuk; capu;fs; gypahfpAs;sNjhL gy efuq;fs; $l Gije;Js;sd.

1883 Mf];l; 26 ,y; ,e;NjhNd\pahtpd; Re;jh epyr; re;jpapy; [fhu;lhtpd; Nkw;Nf cs;s fpufNlhthtpd; eLNt Xu; mRu vupkiy ntbj;Jg; nghq;fp vOe;jJ> Gif kz;lyk; thdpy; 50 iky; cauj;jpy; fpsk;gpf; fUKfpy; G+j tbtpy; ntspg;gl;L> gfiy ,Ul;lhf;fpaJ. rhk;gy; tPr;R 290>000 rJu iky; gutp mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; [hth> Rkj;uh jPTfisAk; fupa ikahy; tu;zk; G+rpaJ.

mLj;J mLj;J vupkiy ehd;F Kiwfs; ntbj;jd. vupkiyf; FKwp ntbj;j ,b Kof;fk; 2500 iky; jhz;b kj;jpa mT];jpNuypahtpy; Nfl;ljhk;. ntbapd; rf;jp 100>000 i`bu[d; Fz;Lfspd; Mw;wYf;F xg;ghdJ vd;W mDkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ntbg;gpd; mOj;j miyfs; jzpe;J mlq;Ftjw;Fs; mit G+kpapd; Rw;wsit (25>000 iky;) VO Kiwr; Rw;wp te;jdthk;. 1815 Mk; Mz;L jhk;guhtpy; Njhd;wpa vupkiy fpufNlhthittpl kpf mjpfkhf 100 fpA+gpf; fpNyh kPw;wu; ghiwf; fw;fisf; ff;fpajhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.

fz;fSf;Fj; njupe;Njh> njupahkNyh Rkhu; 1500 capUs;s vupkiyfs; G+Nfhsj;jpy; Gije;J nfhz;Ls;sjhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; 30 rjtPjk;> Nkw;jsj;jpy; ,y;yhky;> flybapy; Fkpopapl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf> gRgpf; kfh flypy; jP tisak; vdg;gLk; rq;fpypj; njhlu;g; gFjpapy; tUlj;jpw;F 50 vupkiyfs; tPjk; Njhd;Wfpd;wjhf Ma;thsu;fs; mjpu;r;rpj; jftiy ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

,j;jhypapd; Neg;gpy;]; tisFlhg; gFjpapy; cs;s nt];R+tpa]; rpfuk; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;wJ. mjd; mUNf ,Ue;j Nrhk;kh vupkiyapy; fz;nlLj;j vupkiyf; fw;ghiw 300>000 Mz;L taJs;sJ vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fp.K. 5960> fp. K. 3580 Mz;Lfspy; nt];R+tpa]; ,UKiw ff;fpaJ. Nrhk;kh nt];R+tpa]; $l;L vupkiyr; rhk;gy; 25>000 Mz;L taJs;sJ.

mLj;J fp.gp. 79 Kjyhk; E}w;whz;by; nt];R+tpa]; rpfuj;jpy; jPtpu vupkiyf; FKwy; fpsk;gp n`u;Fyhdpak;> ghk;g;gp vd;Dk; ,UngUk; efuq;fSk; Gije;J Nghapd. vupkiy ff;fpa tp\ thAitr; Rthrpj;J 20>000 kf;fs; khz;ldu;. vupkiy nfhl;ba fUQ; rhk;giyAk;> rfjpiaAk; mLj;J nga;j fLk; kio ,U efuq;fisAk; %bg; Gijj;jJ. rfjp nts;sj;jpy; Gije;jtu; kl;Lk; 3360 Ngu;. 19 kzp Neuq;fspy; Rkhu; 4 fpA+gpf; fpNyh kPl;lu; fUQ;rhk;gy; efuq;fspy; nfhl;bf; Ftpe;jjhk;.

vupkiy ntbg;ghy; n`u;FNydpak; ghk;gp Mfpa efuq;fs; Gije;jd. Gij nghUs; Muha;r;rpfspd; NghJ 1595 Mk; Mz;L kiwe;j efuq;fspd; rpy gFjpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. mjw;F gy E}W tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; jPa;e;J Nghd kdpjr; rlyq;fs;> eha;fspd; vOk;Gf; $Lfs;> eiffs;> ,j;jhypa ehzaq;fs; vd;gdTk; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;ld.

mjw;F gpd;dUk; gy jlitfs; nt];R+tpa]; rpfuj;jpy; ,Ue;J vupkiyfs; ntbj;J ngUk; Nrjq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1944 Mk; mz;by; jhd; ,e;j vupkiy filrpahf nfhe;jspj;jJ. ,d;W tiu mJ tpopj;J votpy;iy.

,e;j vupkiy ntbg;GfSld; xg;gpLifapy; I];yhe;J vupkiy kpfr; rpwpa epfo;T kl;LNk.