jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fspd; cwTk; gz;ghLfSk;

,yq;if K];ypk;fs;> njd;gFjp rpq;fstu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpWghd;ikapduhf> ,d If;fpaj;ijg; Ngzp tho;e;J te;jJ NghyNt> njhd;Wnjhl;Nl tlf;F> fpof;fpy; jkpou;fSld; tho;e;J te;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy;> rpq;fs r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; thOk; K];ypk;fs; gw;wpa Ma;TfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; msTf;F jkpou;fSld; tho;e;JtUk; K];ypk;fs; gw;wpa Ma;Tf;Fg; NghjpasT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;glhjpUg;gJ xU FiwahFk;.

,e;ehl;L K];ypk;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mugpfsJ topj;Njhd;wy;fshf ,Ue;Jk; muigj; jha;nkhopahff; nfhs;stpy;iy. Rkhu; 70% K];ypk;fs;> r%f njhlu;GfSf;fhd gpujhdkhd nkhopahf rpq;fsj;ijf; nfhs;Sk;> tlf;F fpof;F jtpu;e;j> ntspkhtl;lq;fspy; tho;e;j NghjpYk;> me;j rpq;fsk; mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fsJ jha; nkhopahf ,y;iy.

mtu;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; jkpioNa jha; nkhopahff; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. ,jpypUe;J K];ypk;fSf;Fk; jkpioj; jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;L thOk; jkpou;fSf;FkpilNaAs;s cwtpd; gyj;ij Cfpf;f KbAk;. rpq;fsg; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; K];ypk;fs; rpq;fsj;ij jkJ nkhopahff; nfhs;shjpUg;gjhy; gy rpukq;fisAk; neUf;Fjy;fisAk; vjpu;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> Ntiytha;g;G> njhlu;ghly;> murpay; Nghd;w gy Jiwfspy; mtu;fs; gpd;jq;fpapUg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; xd;whff; $l mjidf; Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhFk;. jkpio jkJ jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;L mjd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; $l K];ypk;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;JtUtNjhL> ,d;gj; jkpo; vd mjid $Wfpwhu;fs;.

jkpio muG vOj;Jf;fspy; ‘muGj;jkpo;’ vd;w ngaupy; vOjp> jkJ rka Nghjidfis mjD}lhfr; nra;fpwhu;fs;. xU fhyj;jpy; ‘muGj; jkpo; vq;fs; md;Gj; jkpo;’ vd mjidg; Nghw;wpdhu;fs;. nkhop uPjpapy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ K];ypk;fSk; jkpou;fSk; rftho;itg; Ngzpte;jikia ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. ,U ,dq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; gpujhd ghykhf jkpo; nkhop mike;jJ. ,yq;if K];ypk;fs; ,dj;jhy; jkpou;fs;; kjj;jhy; K];ypk;fs;’ vd;W Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; $WksTf;F K];ypk;fSk; jkpou;fSk; gy;NtWgl;l xw;WikfNshL tho;e;J te;jpUfpwhu;fs;. jkpou;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; tlf;F> fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; njd;gFjpiag; NghyNt kpf ePz;l fhykhf K];ypk;fs; tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;. mq;F rpWghd;ikahf thOk; mtu;fsJ fpuhkq;fs;> jkpo; fpuhkq;fSf;F mUfUNf mike;Js;sd.

tpahghuk;> fyhrhuk;> murpay;> r%f cwTfs; Nghd;wd ,UrhuhiuAk; xUq;fpizj;J te;Js;sd. mz;ikf;fhy ,dthj R+oy; cUthFk; tiu me;j nrs[d;a cwT ePbj;jjhff; nfhs;s KbAk;. tlf;F> fpof;fpYs;s rfy khtl;lq;fspYk; gy;NtWgl;l tpfpjhrhuq;fspy; K];ypk;fs; tho;e;J te;jhu;fs;. ,g;NghJk; tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;. cjhuzj;Jf;fhf rpy gpuNjrq;fsJ Gs;sptpguq;fis khj;jpuk; ,q;F Nehf;fyhk;.

kd;dhu; K];ypk;fs;

kd;dhu; khtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu khe;Njhl;lj; JiwKfj;Jldhd mugpfsJ njhlu;G kpfTk; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;. 12 k; 15 k; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fSldhd (mtu;fsJ) njhlu;G gd;klq;fhfpaJ. Nru; mNyf;]hz;lu; N[hd;];ldpd; fUj;Jg;gb ,f;fhyfl;l kd;dhu; gpuNjrk; K];ypk;fspd; tu;j;jf ikak; (Emporium of Trade) Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. khe;Njhl;lj; JiwKfk; ,tu;fsJ fg;gy; ,wq;F JiwahfTk; tu;j;jf gz;lfrhiyahfTk; tpsq;fpaJ. K];ypk;fshy; ,yq;ifapd; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfKk; Xq;fp tsu;e;jJ. kd;dhu; gFjp K];ypk;fs; Vw;wpwf;Fkjpapy; kl;Lkd;wp> Kj;Jf;Fspg;gJ> rq;F vLg;gJ> glNfhl;LtJ Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; <Lgl;L te;jdu;. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,tu;fSf;nfjpuhf fLk; eltbf;iffis vLj;jhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; Kj;Jf;Fspg;gpYk;> rq;F Fspj;jypYk; mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J <Lgl mDkjpf;fg;gl;likf;F mj;njhopw;Jiw rhu;e;j mk;kf;fsJ Nju;r;rpjhd; fhuzkhFk;.

1902k; Mz;L vLf;fg;gl;l fzpg;gPl;bd;gb> kd;dhu; khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j Fwpg;gplj;jf;f K];ypk; nrwpitf; nfhz;l 29 FbapUg;Gf;fspy;> khe;ij- ehdhl;lhd; gpuNjrj;jpy; kl;Lk; 11 FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;> ,g;gpuNjr K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs; fj;Njhypf;f my;yJ ,e;J rka kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; R+oypy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sd. ,d;ndhU tpjj;jpy; ghu;j;jhy; K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Gtpapay; uPjpahfj; njhlu;gw;wpUe;jd. fl;Lf;fiuf; Fsj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gpuNjr K];ypk;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwthdtu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; mtu;fs; jkpou;fSld; mjpf njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jhu;fs;. tay; Ntiyfspy; ,t;tpU ,dj;jtUk; gu];guk; cjtp nra;jhu;fs;.

nfhLf;fy; thq;fspy; kpfTNk nfsutkhf ele;J nfhz;lNjhL gpzf;Ffspd; NghJ gpur;rpid Kw;wptplhJ. mg;gpur;rpidia r%f kl;lj;jpy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; eilKiw topfisf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. xUtuJ RfJf;fq;fspy; kw;wtu; kpfr; ruskhfg; gq;Fgw;wpdu;. kr;rhd;> mz;zd;> fhf;fh> khkh Nghd;w cwTg; gjq;fisf; nfhz;L xUtiunahUtu; mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. xU rkaj;jtupd; tpUe;Njhk;gy;fspy; kw;wtu; vt;tpj rq;flKkpd;wp gq;Nfw;Fk; toik ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

aho;g;ghz K];ypk;fs;

K];ypk;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kpf ePz;l fhykhf jkpou;fSld; ,ize;J tho;e;Jte;jhu;fs;. vk;. v];. mg;Jy; u`Pk; vd;gtu;> ,yq;ifapy; K];ypk;fs; njd; gFjpf;F Kd;du; tl gFjpapy;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy; FbNawpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJfpwhu;. ‘fp. gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; jkpou; Mjpf;fk; ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjp> Nkw;Fg; gFjpfspy; FiwthfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. tl gFjpNa fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; epfo;e;j njd;dpe;jpag; gilnaLg;Gf;fshYk; FbNaw;wq;fshYk; jkpou; nry;thf;F kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,e;epiyapy; ,q;F Kjypy; K];ypk;fs; FbNawp mq;Fs;s kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mile;j nry;thf;ff; fhuzkhf Vw;fdNt Fbnfhz;bUe;j ,e;Jf;fspd; ey;nyz;zj;Jf;F ,yf;fhdjd; fhuzj;jhy; cau; Fbapw; gpwe;j ey;nyhOf;fKila ,e;Jg; ngz;kzpfs; ,];yhj;ij xg;Gf;nfhz;L ,tu;fSf;Fj; JiztpauhFk; tha;g;igg; ngw;wdu;. ’,g;gbahf jkpo;g; ngz;fis muhgpau; kze;jjdhNyNa mtu;fspd; jha;nkhop jkpohf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Kjw; FbNaw;wk; rpq;fs kf;fs; R+oTs;s NgUtisapy; epfo;e;jpUe;jhy; K];ypk;fspd; jha;nkhop rpq;fskhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; rpq;fstupd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSk; epiwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf> K];ypk;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fspy; jkpou; gz;ghl;bd; nry;thf;F tputpapUj;jiy ed;F mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; gpd;te;j xy;yhe;jUk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;j gs;spthry;fs;> fl;blq;fs; ahtw;iwANk rpijj;J me;jf; fw;fisf;nfhz;Nl gwq;fpaj; njUg; gFjpapy; fl;blq;fis epu;khzpj;jgbahy; ve;jtpjkh tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSk; ngwKbahJ Ngha;tpl;ld.” vd mg;Ju; u`Pk; vOJfpwhu;. ,f;$w;W Ma;Tf;FupajhFk;.

aho;g;ghzk; gy gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd;Wk; Efiug;gw;W vDk; gFjpapy; KOf;f KOf;f K];ypk;fNs (JYf;fu;) tho;e;jhu;fs; vd;Wk; rhd;Wfs; $Wfpd;wd. 13k; E}w;whz;by; JNyhj;Jq;f vd;ghd; ahTg;ghFitia mopj;j Ntis ahTfu;fis (K];ypk;fis) rpiwgpbj;jhd;. rhtfr;Nrupapy; mtu;fisf; FbNaw;wpdhd;. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehnlq;Fk; K];ypk;fs; gue;J tho;e;jJld; neapdhu; jPT> kz;iljPT> kz;Fk;ghd;> fhiujPT vDk; jPTfspYk; gue;J tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,d;Wk; Flhehl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd fhzpfs; Nrhdfd; tltp> Nrhdf ntsp> Nrhdf thb> Nrhdf mb> Nrhdfuilg;G vd;Dk; K];ypk;fspd; jdpg; ngaiuAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it Nghd;w gytw;iwAk; Flhehl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd fhzpfsJ jha; cWjpfspypUe;J ngwyhk;”

kpURtpypy; cs;s crd;> rhtfr; Nrfupf;Fk; rq;fj;jhDf;FkpilapYs;s Nrhdfd; GyT Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs;> mg;gpuNjrq;fs; K];ypk;fsJ FbapUg;Gf;fshf ,Ue;jikf;fhd rhd;WfshFk;. ey;Y}u; fe;jrhkpf; Nfhapiy mLj;Js;s gFjpapy; Nrhdfd; Njhg;G vd;w gpuNjrj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; tho;e;Jte;jhu;fs;. mq;F jw;NghJk; xU ]pahuk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW K];ypk;fs; aho; Flhehl;bYk; mjid mz;bAs;s gpuNjrq;fspYk; jkpo; r%fj;Jld; rftho;itg; Ngzp tho;e;jdu;. 1990k; Mz;L K];ypk;fs; tl gFjpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; tiu ,e;epiy njhlu;e;jJ vdyhk;.

Ky;iyj;jPTg; gFjp

tl khfhzj;jpd; kw;nwhU khtl;lkhd Ky;iyj;jPit vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> nkhj;j khtl;l rdj;njhifapy; 5% If; nfhz;l K];ypk;fs;> ngUk;ghd;ikj; jkpou;fNshLk;> rpWghd;ikr; rpq;fstu;fNshLk; fye;J tho;e;J te;jhu;fs;. 1921k; Mz;bd; fzpg;gPl;bd;gb kupilk; gw;W cjtp mur mjpgu; gpuptpy; K];ypk;fs; 6.5% MfTk;> Ky;iyj;jPT efupy; 7.5% MfTk; tho;e;jhu;fs;. Ky;iyj;jPTg; gFjpapy; K];ypk;fs; 1800k; Mz;L Kjy; thOfpwhu;fs; vd;gjw;fhd tuyhw;whjhuq;fs; cs;sd vd fyhepjp `];Gy;yh`; $Wfpwhu;. mjw;F Kd;dUk; K];ypk;fs; tho;e;jikf;fhd tha;nkhop Mjhuq;fNs cs;sd. me;jtifapy;> aho;g;ghz K];ypk;fs; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l NghJ mtu;fs; ,q;F te;J FbNawpapUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; mtu; $Wfpwhu;.

Ky;iyj;jPT K];ypk;fs; mjpfkhf tho;e;j %d;W fpuhkq;fshd jz;zP&w;W> ePuhtpg;gpl;b> `p[;uhGuk; vd;gtw;wpd; tiu glj;ijg; ghu;j;jhy; K];ypk; gs;spthry;> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;> fpwp];jt Njthyak; Mfpa tzf;f];jyq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; mUfUNf mike;jpUg;gJ ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; ePz;lfhy ,d If;fpaj;jpw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

fpof;F khfhzk;

fpof;F khfhzj;jpYk; $l K];ypk;> ,e;J> fpwp];jtu;fsJ rftho;T kpf ePz;lfhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;. cjhuzkhf> kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy; fp. gp. 5 k; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyg; gFjpapy; fpof;Ff; flypy; gazk; nra;j mugpfspy; xU rhuhu; G+nehr;rpKidapy; FbNawp tho;e;jjhfTk;> gpd;du; mtu;fs; fhj;jhd;Fbg; gFjpf;Fk; te;jjhfTk; ,tu;fsplkpUe;Nj kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l K];ypk;fs; midtUk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhfTk; gp. Mu;. rpw;wk;gyk; $Wfpwhu;.

mNjNtis> aho;g;ghzg; gFjpapypUe;J Juj;jg;gl;l ‘Kf;Ftu;’ vDk; xU rhuhu; mq;fpUe;J kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpf;F te;j NghJ mq;F Vw;fdNt tho;e;J te;j jpkpyu;fs; mtu;fsJ tUifia tpUk;ghjjhy; mtu;fisj; Juj;jpabg;gjw;F ehbdu;. mg;NghJ> Kf;Ftu;fs; mNugpauJ cjtpia Ntz;b epd;wdu;. mt;thW me;j mugpfs; me;j jpkpyu;fis Juj;jpabj;jdhy; me;j mugpfs; kPJ mtu;fs; nfhz;bUe;j md;G> neUf;fk; mjpfupj;J mtu;fSf;F kpFe;j nfsutk; nfhLj;jdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; FUkz;ntsp ,e;Jf; Nfhtpypy; njhg;gp mzpe;j xU rpiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk;> ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;’ vDk; E}ypy; cs;s FytpUJ gw;wpa ghlypy;> K];ypk;fs; mzpAk; njhg;gp gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ. Kf;Ftu;fs; rtf;Fyp Vyk; tpLk; NghJ ‘Kf;Ftu;fisf; fhj;j gl;lhzpau; Nghw;wp’ vd;W mjid Kbf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tw;iw mtjhdpf;ifapy; Kf;Ftu; - K];ypk;fs; cwT gw;wpf; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk; vd k`;&g; fuPk; vd;ghu; njuptpf;fpwhu;.

kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F JYf;fu;fSk; gl;lhzpfSk; (K];ypk;fSk;) te;J Nghd tpguq;fis jkpou;fspd; G+u;tPf rupj;jpuj;ijf; $Wk; ‘kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpak;’ vDk; E}y; njspthf;FfpwJ. ‘fhl;lhd;> gl;lhzp> Ry;jhd;> rpf;fe;ju;> NtlNuhL tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;fhfr; rpy JYf;ff; FLk;gq;fSld; kz;Kidf; fLf;fg;ghisak; Nghl;L tu;j;jfk; nra;jdu;. vd me;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Kf;Ftu;fs; jkf;F cjtp nra;j K];ypk;fsplk; ifkhwhf epyk;> nghd;> ngz; Mfpa %d;wpy; xd;iw Vw;WkhW Nfl;lNghJ> K];ypk;fs; Kf;Ftu;fspd; ngz;fis mile;J> ,uj;j cwitg; gyg;gLj;jpdu;. K];ypk;fs; Kf;Ftu;fSld; ,ize;J Nghupl;ljdhy; mtu;fs; Kd;du; FbNawj; jLf;fg;gl;bUe;j VwhT+upy; FbNawp tho mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. thior;Nridapy; FbNawpa K];ypk;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; fj;jhd;FbapypUe;Nj te;jdu;.

jw;Nghija mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; Cu;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mq;Fk; $l mugpfSk; ,e;jpa tpahghupfSk; jkJ tpahghu Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf te;J nrd;Ws;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa K];ypk;fs; ,e;ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpfis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjpYk; cs;ehl;Lf;F mtrpakhd nghUl;fis ,q;F nfhz;Lte;J Nru;g;gjpYk; mjpfkhfg; gq;nfLj;jdu;. NtLtu;fSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;FkpilNa tu;j;jf ePjpahd cwTfs; ,Ue;J te;jd. tpahghuj;Jf;fhf ,yq;if te;j gy K];ypk;fs; ,q;F epue;jukhfNt jq;fpdhu;fs;.

kl;lf;fsg;G> mk;ghiw Mfpa ,U khtl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j K];ypk;fis ‘kl;lf;fsg;G K];ypk;fs;’ vd;Nw mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu Vida gpuNjrj;jtu;fs; mioj;J te;jpUg;gjhy; ,t;tpU gpuNjrq;fSk; tuyhw;W uPjpahf ‘kl;lf;fsg;G’ vd;Nw Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. fz;bg; gFjpAld; tu;j;jf njhlu;igg; Ngzp te;j K];ypk;fs;> fz;b kiyg; gpuNjrj;ijAk; fpof;fpypUe;j JiwKf gpuNjrj;ijAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhLj;jhu;fs;.

mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; K];ypk; fpuhkq;fSf;F mUfUNf jkpo;> rpq;fs fpuhkq;fs; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. 1971k; Mz;bd; rdj;njhiff; fzpg;gPl;bd; gb ngUk;ghd;ikapduhf K];ypk;fs; (48.3%) ,Uf;f> rpq;fstu; (28.2%)> jkpou; (23.2%) MfpNahu; mjw;fLj;j epiyapYk; tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.

1981k; Mz;bd; fzpg;gPl;bd; gb mf;fiug;gw;wpy; 12439 jkpou;fSk;> 22941 K];ypk;fSk;> fy;Kid gl;bd rig vy;iyf;Fs; ,e;Jf;fs; 4779 NgUk;> K];ypk;fs; 15940 NgUk; tho;e;jhu;fs;. ,t;tpU ,dq;fSk; xd;wpypUe;J kw;iwaijg; gpupf;f Kbahj msTf;F tpahghuj;jpYk; cwTfspYk; xd;wpy; kw;iwaJ jq;fpapUf;fpd;wd.

vdNt> Ma;thsu; ukP]; mg;Jy;yh`; gpd;tUkhW vOJfpwhu;. ‘(K];ypk;fSf;Fk; jkpou;fSf;Fkpilapyhd) ,t;TwT tuyhw;W uPjpahf Mokhf Nt&d;wpapUe;jJ. fpof;F khfhz tuyhw;wpypUe;J jkpou;fisAk; K];ypk;fisAk; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;f KbahJ.

fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; jkpou;fs; nrwpe;J tho> njw;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; K];ypk;fs; nrwpe;J thOfpwhu;fs;. nghJthf xU fpuhkj;jpy; K];ypk;fs;> mjw;fLj;j fpuhkj;jpy; jkpou;fs; vd fpof;F khfhzk; KOtjpYk; K];ypk;fSk; jkpou;fSk; fye;Nj tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.

K];ypk; Mz;fs; ’Kf;Ftu;’ rhjpg; ngz;fis kze;jjhy;> jkpou; K];ypk;fspilNa ,uj;j cwTfSk; cs;sd. ,jdhy;> jkpou;fspd; rhjp Kiw kuGfSk; K];ypk;fSk; cupj;jhspfshfpd;wdu;.

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rftho;tpd; mtrpak;

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(m\;n\a;f; v];.vr;.vk;.)