,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; tpbe;jNghJ kbe;JNghapd kiyaf kf;fspd; cupikfs;

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,yq;ifapy; jkpof kf;fspd; FbNaw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. MapDk; 19 Mk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,yq;ifapy; FbNawpatu;fs; ,e;ehl;bd; tuyhw;Wld; rq;fkkhfp tpl;ldu; vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikahFk;.

1826 Mk; Mz;L gjpd;ehd;F FLk;gj;jpdupd; ,wf;FkjpNahL ,e;jpaj; njhopyhsu;fspd; ,yq;if tuyhW Muk;gkhfpwJ. 1860 Kjy; 1870 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J ngUe;njhifahd njhopyhsu;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;J Nru;e;jdu;. 1929 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fk; jLj;J epWj;Jk;tiu kf;fspd; tUif njhlu;e;J eilngw;Ws;sJ.,tu;fspd; ,yq;if Gyk; ngau;T kpfTk; NrhfkhdJ. ,k;kf;fspd; Gyk; ngau;T gazj;jpd; rk;gtq;fis MuhAk; NghJ rk;gtq;fs; Ntg;gq;Fr;rpahf frf;Fk; vd;gJ cz;ikahFk;. ,e;ehl;bd; fhl;il ntl;b xJf;fp njUf;fs; mikf;f> ghyq;fs; mikf;f> ,f;fy;ghiw epyj;jpy;

uhkhD[k;

Njapiyia gapupl fq;fhzpkhu;fshy; Mirfhl;b mioj;J tug;gl;ltu;fs; vkJ %jhijau;fs;.

,e;jpa tk;rhtspapdupd; %jhijau;fspd; tuyhW ,d;iwa ,sk; jiyKiwapdUf;Fj; njupahJ. ,tu;fs; tuyhw;iw njupe;J nfhs;tjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;JtJkpy;iy. mjw;fhd tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJkpy;iy. 1864 ,y; ,e;ehl;L Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf mioj;Jtug;gl;l 120 njhopyhsu;fs; Mjpnyl;Rkp ePuhtpf;fg;gypy; ,yq;ifia Nehf;fp gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUf;ifapy; mf;fg;gy; flypy; ftpo;e;jJ. ,t;tpgj;jpy; njhopyhsu;fs; VONgUk; gjpide;J khYkpfSNk capu;jg;gpdu;.

rp. tp. NtYg;gps;is

,d;g tho;it ek;gp te;j VidNahu; flYf;F ,iuahfpdu;. 1864 Mk; Mz;L flypy; %o;fpa Mjpy\;kp fg;gy; gw;wpa jfty;fs; njhFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 

,J gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba xd;W. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,yq;if rl;lrig mq;fj;jtuhftpUe;j Nru; Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F mioj;J tug;gLk; kf;fs; gLk; Jauq;fis rl;lrigapy; vLj;Jiuj;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

jkpo; ehl;bd; jQ;rhT+u;> jpUr;rp> ,uhkehjGuk;> jpU ney;Ntyp> Nryk;> Mw;fhL khtl;lq;fspypUe;J nts;isau;fshy; ,yq;iff;F kl;Lk; mioj;J tug;gltpy;iy. Kg;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehLfSf;F mioj;Jr;

njhz;lkhd;

nry;yg;gl;ldu;. cyfg; glj;ijNa ghu;j;jpuhj njd;dpe;jpa njhopyhsu;fs; md;W cyfk; KOtJk; gazpj;Js;sdu;.

rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyrpah> gu;kh> nkhuprpa];> upwpdplhl;> me;jkhd;> RNkhj;uh> Rupdhk;> md;uPy;];> gpupl;b\; kw;Wk; gpnud;Q; fahdh> rpnry;];> njd;dhgpupf;fh> fpdplh> Netp];> nlkhwh> [nka;f;fh> gp[p> epA+ fypNghu;dpah> jh`pj;jp> khl;dpf;> Fthl;Nyg;> nrd;l; tpd;nrd;w;> nad;l;fPw;];> nrd;w;Y}rpah Kjypa ehLfspYk;> jPTfspYk; FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;. Mdhy; ,d;W ,e;ehLfspd; jPTfspd; ngau;fs; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

v];. vk;. Rg;igah 

,yq;if> kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u; ehl;by; trpg;Nghupy; rpyu; ,d;Wk; jq;fspd; jkpo; ehl;L fpuhkq;fSld; njhlu;ig itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; 1965 fhyg;gFjpapy; gu;kh ehl;il Ml;rpg;Gupe;Njhu; ,e;jpaiu fg;gy; %ykhf ,e;jpahTf;F kPz;Lk; mDg;gpitj;jdu;. mt;thW te;jtu;fs; ,d;Wk; jpUr;rp tpkhd epiyaj;Jf;F mUNf Rg;gpukhzpa Guj;J mfjpfs; Kfhkpy; tho;fpd;wdu;.

,tu;fSf;fhf jpUr;rp nkapd;fhu;l;Nfl; njg;gf;Fsk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; gFjpapy; “gu;khShu;” vdg;gLk; fil tPjpAk; md;iwa jkpof murhy; mikj;Jj;jug;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk; ,f;fil tPjp jpUr;rp kw;Wk; nrd;idapYk; cs;sJ. MfNt gy ehLfSf;F tk;rhtspapdu; Gyk; ngau;e;J tho;e;jhYk; gu;kh khj;jpuNk mq;Nf tho;e;Njhiu ntWq;ifNahL ,e;jpahTf;F jpUg;gp mDg;gpaJ.

1826 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,q;Nf FbNawp tho;e;J te;j ,k;kf;fspd; thf;Fupik 1948 ,y; gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j fhydp ehLfspNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;l ehL ,yq;ifNaahFk;. mt;thwhd epiyapy; ,e;jpa gpuirfs; vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;L murpay; uPjpahf thf;Fupik gwpf;fg;gl;L me;epag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. 1936 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w murhq;f rigj; Nju;jypd; V. <. Fzrpq;f nfhOk;G kj;jpaj; njhFjpf;Fg; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw;whu;. V. <. Fzrpq;ftpd; ntw;wp ,dthjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ. ,tu; xU njhopw;rq;fthjpahthu;. ,tupd; rpiy

Nf. FkhuNty;

,d;Wk; nfhOk;G xy;l;nfhl; khtj;ij> Nrhz;l]; gpNs];> kpFe;J khtj;ij ,izAk; re;jpapy; cs;sJ.

b. v];. Nrdehaf;fhtpd; mikr;ruitapy; nghWg;G tfpf;fhj mikr;ruhf gjtpAk; V. <. Fzrpq;f ngw;whu;. 15000 ,e;jpaiu murhq;fk; ,yq;ifapypUe;J ehL flj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifia murhq;f rigapy; rku;g;gpj;jhu;. ,e;jf; Nfhupf;ifia vjpu;j;J md;iwa murhq;f rigapy; mq;fj;jtu;fshf ,Ue;j up. up. nghd;dk;gyk;> v];. eNlrd;> Nfh. eNlr Iau;> v];. gp. itj;jpaypq;fk;> Nru; V. kfhNjth> I. vf;];. NgNuuh MfpNahu; rigapy; Ngrpdu;. up. up. nghd;dk;gyk; Rkhu; Mwiu kzpj;jpahyq;fs; rigapy; ciuahw;wpdhu;.

Nf. tp. eluh[h

,t;thwhd gy rk;gtq;fis mLj;J 1939 Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 25 Mk; jpfjp Kd;dhs; ,e;jpag; gpujku; NeU jiyikapy; ,yq;if - ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; cjakhapw;W. ,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; gpd;du; ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsu; fhq;fpu]hf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,t;thwhd xU gpd;dzpapy; jhd; 1947 ,y; nghJj;Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ. ,g;nghJj; Nju;jypy; ,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; Ntl;ghsu;fs; vl;Lj; njhFjpfspy; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. ,jpy; VO njhFjpfis ifg;gw;wpaJ. mg;Gj;jisapy; Njhy;tp fz;lJ gz;lhutisapy; rl;l ty;Yeu; Nf. tP. eluh[h ntw;wp ngw;whu;. MdhYk; ,tu; ve;jf; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; Ntl;ghsuhf

Nf. uh[ypq;fk;

Nghl;bapl;lhu;. vd;w tpguk; vdJ Njlypy; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

KjyhtJ kf;fs; rigapy; kiyaf kf;fspd; vl;L mq;fj;jtu;fspd; ngau; tpguq;fSk; njhFjpfSk; gpd;tUkhW.

01. Etnuypah

v];. njhz;lkhd; 9386 thf;Ffs;.

N[k;]; ,uj;jpdk; 3251

Nyhud;]; ngNuuh 1124

v];. njhz;lkhd; 6135 Nkyjpf thf;Ffs; ngw;W ntw;wpngw;whu;. gjpthdthf;Ff;s 14074

02. mSj;Etu

B. uhkhD[k; 2772 thf;Ffs;

nkhj;j thf;Ffs; 16486 Mdhy; 3610 thf;FfNs mspf;fg;gl;ld.

03. ehtyg;gpl;b

Nf. uh[ypq;fk; 7933 thf;Ffs;.

gjpthd nkhj;j thf;Ffs; 15997.

04. gJis (,ul;il mq;fj;jtu; njhFjp)

v];. vk;. Rg;igah 27121 thf;Ffs;

nfhj;jyhty 16654 thf;Ffs;.

gjpthd nkhj;jthf;Ffs; 43398.

05. nfhl;lfiy

Nf. FkhuNty; 6722 thf;Ffs;.

gjpthd nkhj;j thf;Ffs; 12564

06. k];nfypah

b. Mu;. Nkj;jh 9086 thf;Ffs;

gjpthd nkhj;j thf;Ffs; 15120

07 jythf;fiy

rp. tp. NtYg;gps;is 10645 thf;Ffs;

gjpthd nkhj;jthf;Ffs; 13534

08. gz;lhutis

Nf. tp. eluh[h 5092 thf;Ffs;

gjpthd thf;Ffs; 8409

,j;njhFjpfistpl mg;Gj;jisapYk; ,e;jpa ,yq;if fhq;fpu]; ntw;wpngw tha;g;G ,Ue;jJ. ,j;njhFjpapy; ntw;wpngw;w N[. V. uk;Gf;nghj;j 2125 thf;Ffisg; ngw;whu;. ,tNuhL Nghl;bapl;l V. B. nrq;fkiy 1753 thf;FfisAk;> Mu;. V. eNlrd; 1337 thf;FfisAk; V. gr;rKj;J 1229 thf;FfisAk;> N[. up. uh[FNye;jpud; 327 thf;FfisAk; ngw;wdu;. ehd;F jkpou;fSk; nkhj;jkhf 4646 thf;Ffis ngw;wdu;. ehd;F jkpou;fs; Nghl;b ,lhJ xUtu; Nghl;bapl;L ,Ue;jhy; jkpou; ntw;wpngw tha;g;G ,Ue;jJ.

ngup. Re;juypq;fk;

,e;j vl;L kf;fs; rig mq;fj;jtu;fs; ntF jpwikahdtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; xt;nthU Jiwapy; ty;Ydu;fs;.

murhq;f rigapy; 1931 Kjy; 1935 tiu ngup. Re;juk; tu;j;jf mikr;ruhf tpsq;fpatu;. 1931 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Nju;jypy; `l;ld; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapd;wp njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu;. VO kf;fs; rig cWg;gpdu;fSk; v];. njhz;lkhid jituhfj; Nju;e;njLj;J> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshf 15.10.1947 ,y; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;J nfhz;ldu;.

16.10.1947 ,y; nrdl;lu; njupT ,lk;ngw;wJ. nrdl;rig vdg;gLk; Nky;rigf;F ,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; ngup. Re;juk; njupthdhu;. ,tupd; ngaiu v];. njhz;lkhd; gpNuupf;f v];. vk;. Rg;igah MNkhjpj;jhu;.

1947 ,y; eilngw;w KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jypy; ,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]pd; ntw;wpia b. v];. Nrdehaf;ftpdhy; [puzpf;f ,aytpy;iy. kiyaf Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; trpj;j njhFjpfspy; mtu;fspd; thf;Ffs; I. Nj. fl;rpf;Ff; fpilf;fhJ NghdikiaAk; Fwpg;gpLjy; mtrpakhFk;. md;W kiyaf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,lJ rhupf; fl;rpfs; ngUk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jd. yq;fh rkrkh[f; fl;rp> ,yq;if fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpiar; Nru;e;j Ntl;ghsu;fSf;Nf kiyaf kf;fs; thf;fspj;jpUe;jdu;. ,jd; fhuzj;jpdhy; b. v];. Nrdehaf;fh ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kf;fspd; kPJ ngupJk; nfhjpg;gile;jpUe;jhu;.

,t;thwhd epiyik njhlUNkahdhy; vjpu;fhy Nju;jypy; I.Nj. fl;rp gytPdk; milAk; vd vz;zpa b. v];. Nrdehaf;fh 1948 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; 15 Mk; jpfjp b. v];. Nrdehaf;fh ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,U rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhu;. xd;W ,yq;if gpu[h cupikr; rl;lk;> kw;wJ ,e;jpau; - ghfp];jhdpau; (tjptpl) gpu[h cupikr; rl;lk;. ,e;j ,U rl;lq;fSk; ,yq;if tho; ,e;jpau;fisg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jd. jkJ kf;fspd; thf;Fg; gyj;jhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tPw;wpUe;j vl;L ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSk; mLj;j ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLk; tha;g;ig ,oe;jdu;. 1947 Mk; Mz;L thf;fhsu; gl;baypy; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;jpa

b. Mu;. Nkj;jh

tk;rhtspapdu; mLj;J te;j gl;baypy; ePf;fg;gl;ldu;. nrdl; rig mq;fj;JtKk; gwpNghdJ. 1948 ,y; ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpauplkp Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wk; me;j Rje;jpuj;ijf;$l njhl;Lg;ghu;f;f ,k;kf;fS f;F ve;j tha;g;Gk; fpilf;f tpy;iy. VidNahUf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jNghJ ,tu;fSf;F gwpNghdJ.

,t; tuyhw;Wf; nfhLikf;F ePz;lNjhu; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp cz;L. kPz;Lk; thf;Fupikia kPl;nlLf;f Kg;gJ Mz;Lfs; kiyaf kf;fs; fhj;jpUe;jdu;. 1977 Mk; Mz;L nghJj; Nju;jypy; Etnuypah k];nfypah njhFjpapy; ,. njh. fhq;fpu]; rhu;gpy; Nrty; rpd;dj;jpy; jiytu; v];. njhz;lkhd; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpaPl;bdhu;. ,tupd; ntw;wp kiyaf murpaypy; ngUk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

(Nf.gp.gp. G\;guh[h)