ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; xw;Wikf;fhd ntFkjp Nk jpdk;

ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; xw;W ikf;fhd ntFkjpNa NkjpdkhFk;. Rkhu; E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf ,k;Nkjpdk; cynfq;fpYk; ghl;lhsp kf;fshy; ntFtpkupirahff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. njhopy; GupNthupd; xw;WikiaAk;> caupa ,yl;rpaq;fisAk; vLj;J tpsf;fp cupikf; Fuy; njhLf;Fk; cd;dj jpdkhf Nkjpdk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpdk; ghl;lhspfspd; gRikkpF epidTfspy; ePq;fhj ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjyhsp tu;f;fj;jpd; mlf;F Kiwfis vjpu;j;J njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdu; ,af;f uPjpapyhd njhopw;rq;fq;fis Muk;gpj;jdu;. njhopyhsu; eydpy; mf;fiw nfhs;shj Kjyhsp tu;f;fk; Neu tiuaiwapd;wp njhopyhsu;fis ciof;f Ntz;Lnkd epu;g;ge;jpj;jdu;. 1820k; Mz;bypUe;J njhopyhsu;fs; mlf;F Kiwf;nfjpuhf FunyOg;gp te;jdu;. nry;tkpF Kjyhspkhupd; ,uhZt mlf;FKiwf;Fg; gae;njhJq;fpa njhopyhsu;fis khu;f;]; VQ;ry;]; Nghd;w jiytu;fs; tpopg;Gwr; nra;jdu;. njhopyhsu; rpe;jidfisj; jl;bnaOg;gpdu;.

1884k; Mz;by; mnkupf;f njhopyhsu; rk;Nksdk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; nfhLikfSf;Fk; mePjpfSf;Fk; vjpuhfg; Nghuhl;lQ; nra;a rfy njhopw; rq;fq;fisAk; If;fpag;gl;L Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fjpf;FkhW miw$ty; tpLj;jJ. ,ijaLj;J 1886.05.04k; jpfjp mnkupf;fhtpd; rpf;fhNfh efupy; N` khu;fl; rJf;fj;jpy; mnkupf;f njhopyhsu;fs; xd;wpize;J vl;L kzpj;jpahy Ntiy Ntz;Lnkd xU Nfhupf;ifia Kd;itj;jdu;. ,f;$l;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfj;jpy; VO njhopyhsu;fs; ,we;jNjhL 66 Ngu; gLfhaKw;wdu;.

,t;tdu;j;jj;jpy; rpe;jpa nrq;FUjpia epidT $Uk; tz;zk;. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; E}w;whz;Lj; jpdkhd 1889.07.14k; jpfjp ghup]; efupy; eilngw;w ,uz;lhk; rkju;k ru;tNjr kfhehl;by; Nk Kjyhk; jpfjpia Nk jpdkhff; nfhz;lhLtnjd KbT vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; Nk Kjyhk; jfpjp ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; jpdkhf gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1890k; Mz;L Nk kjhk; Kjyhk; jpfjp Kjy; Nk jpdk; mD\;bf;fg;gLfpwj. 1917k; Mz;bNyNa ru;tNjr uPjpahf cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf Nk jpdk; mD\;bf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikak; 1919k; Mz;L Ntu;nry;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tikg;gpd; J}uNehf;F kw;Wk; ,yl;rpa Nehf;Ffs; 1944y; gpyhgpy;bah gpufldj;jpy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;ld. 1948 [_d; 28k; jpfjpad;W ,yq;if ru;tNjr njhopyhsu; mikaj;jpy; cWg;Gupik ngw;wJ. njhopy; mikr;R ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsu;fspd; cupikfisf; fhf;f mf;fiw G+z;Ls;sJ. NkYk; murhq;fk; $l gytpj eyNdhk;G kw;Wk; tpNrl jpl;lq;fis nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ. njhopy; jpizf;fsk; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpg; gapw;rp epWtdk; njhopw; fy;tp Mizf;FO ntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;Gg; gzpafk; njhopyhsu; ek;gpf;if epjpak;. ,yq;if njhopw; gapw;rp mjpfhurig vd;gtdtw;wpd; Clhf njhopyhsu; eyDk; cupikf Sk; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ijtpl njhopyhsu; fhznkhd;Wk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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1995k; Mz;bd; 12k; ,yf;f ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lf; fl;lisapd; gpufhuk; njhopy; tha;g;G njhopy; re;ijf;Fk; mjd; NjitfSf;Fk; Vw;g njhopw; jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;a ,yq;ifj; njhopy; gapw;r;rp mjpfhurig njhopw; gapw;rp mikr;rpdhy; 1995.08.16k; jpfjp mq;Fuhu;g;gzk; nra;jik epidtpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

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njhopEl;gk; ve;jputpay; tpahghuKfhikg; gapu;r;rp epWtdk;. tpNrl njhopw; gapw;rp epWtdk; vd;gd ,t;tjpfhu rigapd; fPo; mlq;Ffpd;wd. njhopw; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; ifj;njhopy; cwTg; gpupTfs; Nritahl; gpupT njhopw;rhiyg; gpupT> njhopy;rhu; mfsg; gpupT> kfspu; rpWtu; tptfhug; gpupT> Cspau; Nrkyhgg; gpupT> kdpjtY njhopy; gapu;rpg; gpupT vd;gd jpwk;gl ,aq;fp vkJ njhopyhsu; eyDf;fhfNt Nrit Gupfpd;wd. ,tw;NwhL njhopy; rhu;Gila rl;lq;fSk; njhopyhsu;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;F ftrk; Nghy mikfpd;wJ.

,d;W ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Rkhu; 1500 f;F Nkw;gl;l njhopw; rq;fq;fs; njhopy; thupahfTk; murpaw; fl;rp thupahfTk; xd;wpize;J njhopyhsu; jpdkhfpa Nk jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. ghl;lhsp kf;fspd; xw;Wikiag; ghul;Lk; ,jjpdj;jpy; njhopyhsu; eyd;fSk; cupikfSk; rpwg;gile;jplg; gpuhj;jpg;Nghkhf.

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