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cyf tuyhw;wpy; ntw;wpfu khf ele;Njwpa ‘mbikfspd; vOr;rp’ vd;gJ 1791-1803 Mz;L fspy; i`l;bapy; ele;jJjhd; vd;fpwhu; tuyhw;whrpupau; rpvy; Mu; N[k;];. ,tu; [ikf;fh tpy; gpwe;jtu;. ,t;ntOr;rp gw;wp 1938 Mk; Mz;L ,tu; vOjpa Gj;jfk; kpfg;ngUk; MtzkhFk;. mJNghy [hNfhgpd; vd;w fWg;gu; vOjpa “Njh\paz;l; Xtu;l;lu; kw;Wk; rhd;NlhnlhkpdpNfh Gul;rp” ,d; ndhU tYthd rupj;jpu E}yhFk;.

yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; xd;whd i`l;b xU ngupa jPT. fdpk tsq;fs; nfhl;bf; fplf;Fk; jPT. Ruq;fq;fs;> tay; ntspfs;> Njhl;lq;fs; vd nry;tk; nfhopj;j G+kp.

MapDk; Vfhjpgj;jpaq; fspd; fOFg; ghu;itapy; Xah ky; rpf;fpa G+kp. ,jd; tsk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jhy; cwpQ;rg;gl; lJ. mjw;F trjpahf ,k;kz; izAk; kf;fisAk; epue;ju khf mlf;fpahs Ruz;Lk; $l; lk; ifahz;l Kiwfs; xt; nthd;Wk; tuyhw;Wg; ghlkhFk;.

17Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,j;jPT ,uz;L Fl;bf;fhydpfshf;fg; gl;lJ. ,d;iwa i`l;bapd; tlf;F gFjp nrapz;l; nlhkp dpNfh vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl; gl;l fhydp MdJ. ,d;iwa i`l;bapd; fpof;Fg; gFjp rhz;Nlh nlhkpdpNfh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ];ng apd; MSikf;Fl;gl;l fhydp MdJ.

,q;Nf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j te;j ];ngapd; v[khdu;fs; Nkw;F Mg;gpupf;f ehl;byp Ue;J gpbj;J te;j - tpyq;F fisg; Nghy $z;Lfspy; milj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j fWg;G kf;fspd; uj;jj;jpYk; tpau;itapYk;jhd; mg;G+kp apy; gRiktay;fs; rpupj;jd. Njhl;lq;fs; jioj;jd. nry; tk; ngUf;nfLj;jJ. Vw;Wkjp mjpfupj;jJ. gpnuQ;R NjrKk; ];ngapd; NjrKk; yhgj;ij ms;spaJ.

nts;is v[khdu;fspd; nfh^uKk; tf;fpuKk; fWg;G mbikfis nfhjpj;njo itj; jJ. Mq;fhq;F mbikfs; jdpj;jdpahf fyff;nfhb J}f;fp du;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; kpUfj; jdkhd jhf;FjYf;Fk; jz;l idf;Fk; Mshdhu;fs;. rpy mbikfs; FOthf Nghuhb dhu;fs;. mtu;fSk; mlf;F Kiwf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;f Kbah ky; kiyKfLfSf;F Xb xspe;jdu;.

1789Mk; Mz;L gh];by; rpiwr;Rtu;fis cilj;j gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp kdpj cupik rpe;jidia cynfq;Fk; tpijj; jJ. gpnuQ;R fhydpapYk; mjd; tpij tpOe;jJ. rpy nts;is v[khdu;fs; jq;fsp lk; cs;s fWg;G mbikfis tpLtpj;jdu;. mtu;fs; gbj;jpl Tk; cjtpdu;. mt;thW tpLtpf; fg;gl;L fy;tpngw;w xUtu;jhk; Njh\paz;l; Xtu;l;lu;. 30 tajpy; mbiktho;tpypUe;J tpLjiyngw;w ,tu;> INuhg; gpau;fsplk; cs;s gy;NtW jpwikfis jhKk; ngw;whu;. mjpy; kUj;Jt NritAk; ,uhZtj;jpwikAk; mlq;Fk;.

mNjNeuj;jpy; mbik fis tpLtpj;j nts;is epwj; jtUf;F gpnuQ;R muR thf; FupikAk; mspf;f Kd;te;jJ. gpnuQ;R ehl;bNyNa mbikj; jdj;ij xopf;f Kaw;rpfs; Jspu;tpl;ld. ,jd; vjpnuhyp fSk; Kd;Kaw;rpfSk; i`l;b apy; Njhd;wpd.

1791 Mf];l; 22k; ehs;. ifapy; Nuh[hf;fSld; Gwg; gl;l mbikfs; mij tpL jiyf;FwpaPlhf v[khdu; fsplk; fhz;gpj;jdu;. ,jw;F xg;gkWj;j v[khdu;fs; gy iuf; nfhd;W gop jPu;j;jdu;.

Njh\paz;l; ,e;j re;ju;g; gj;ij jpwikahfg; gad;gLj; jpf; nfhz;lhu;. Kjypy; kUj; Jt Nritf;F vd fsj;jpy; ,wq;fp> uhZt uPjpahf cjtpfs; Gupe;J> gbg;gbahf jhNd ,uhZt jsgjpahdhu;.

Nghuhl;lk; tYj;jJ. gpnuQ;R ehl;blk; mbikj; jdj;ij xopf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij NeubahfNt ciuj;jhu; Njh\paz;l;. kf;fs; jpus; mbikj;jdj;ij xopf; fj; jpuz;l NghJ gpnuQ;R muRk; ];ngapd; muRk; gzpe; jJ. 1793 Mf];l; 22 md;W nrapz;l; nlhkpdpNfhtpy; mbikj;jdk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. 1794 gpg;utup 3 md;W mjw;fhd rl;lj;ij gpnuQ;R ehlhS kd;wk; gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ.

,ijj;njhlu;e;J ];ngap Dk; gpupl;lDk; Nghupy; Fjpj; jd. Njh\paz;l; jiyik Naw;W typikahfg; Nghuhb dhu;. 1794 y; ];ngapidAk;> 1795y; gpupl;lidAk; Njhw;fbj; jhu;. vz;gjhapuk; gpupl;b\; giltPuu;fs; capu; ,oe;jdu;. kpfr;rpwpa gFjpia kl;LNk gpupl;ld; gpbf;f Kbe;jJ. jPtpd; ngUk;gFjp Njh\p az;l; MSiff;Fs; te;jJ. ,J 1799y; ele;jJ.

gpnuQ;R ehl;bd; murpay; R+oy; khwpaJ. mq;F gpw;Nghf; fhsu;fs; ifXq;fpaJ. mq; Fs;s Kjyhspfs; jq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; ‘kdpj Mw;wy;’ Ntz; Lk; vd;wdu;. ,jd;nghUs; mbikj;jdj;ij kPl;nlLf;f Nfhupdu;. i`l;b nts;isau;> fWg;gu;> fyg;gpdj;jtu; Nkhjy; muh[fk; vy;iykPwpaJ. neg; Nghypad; Nghdgu;l; mWgjhap uk; giltPuu;fis mDg;gpdhu;. i`l;bapy; uj;j MW XbaJ.

epiyik ifkPwpa NghJ Njh\paz;l; gpnuQ;R muNrhL mDrupj;Jg; Nghfj; Jtq;fp dhu;. MapDk; gpnuQ;R muR mtiu ek;g kWj;J ifJ nra;J ehL flj;jpaJ. 1802k; Mz;L Fbf;Fk; ghdj;jpy; tp\k; fye;J nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

rhtjw;F Kd;G - mJTk; i`l;bapypUe;J ehL flj;jg; gLtjw;F Kd;G Njh\paz;l; nrhd;dhu;.

“ePq;fs; vd;idj; J}f;fp vwptjd; %yk; nrapz;l; nlhkpdpNfh tpLjiy kuj;ij Kwpf;fpwPu;fs;. kPz;Lk; tre;jk; tUk;. kPz;Lk; ,jd; Ntu;fspy; ,Ue;J mlu;e;j tYthd kuq;fs; Kisf; Fk;”

mtu; thu;j;ijfs; tPz;Nghf tpy;iy. kPz;Lk; kf;fs; fpsu;e; jdu;. gpupl;b\;> ];ngapd;> gpnuQ;R Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fis tPo;j;jp 1804 [dtup 1 md;W i`l;b tpLjiyngw;wJ. Nkw;F G+kpg; ge;jpy; Kjy; tpLjiy ngw;w ehLk;; mbikj;jdj;ij xopj;j ehLk; ,Jjhd;.

nghWf;Fkh? INuhg;gpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhtpd; fOFg;ghu;it mjd;Nky; glu;e;jJ. njhlu;e;J kf;fs; Nghuhbdu;. Vfhjpgj;jpak; gy; NtW R+o;r;rptiyfisg; gpd;dpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ.

mjd; njhlu; tuyhw;W rk;g tq;fis KOtJk; vOj ,f; fl;Liuapy; ,lk;NghjhJ. xU fl;lj;jpy; 2000k; Mz;by; gj tpf;F te;j mup];Nlh ill; fk;A+dp];l; my;yj; Mdhy; Kw; Nghf;F Njrgf;ju;. i`l;bapd; tWikia xopf;f epyr;rPu;j;jpUj; jk; nfhz;L te;jhu;. gpbj;jJ rdp. cs;Shu; kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L Kjyhspfs; mzpNru;e;jdu;.

2003k; Mz;L ngUk; fyt uk; %z;lJ. mjpy; 47 Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; fhakile;jdu;. ,d;ndhU fpA+ghthf i`l;b khwptplf; $lhJ vd;gjpy; mnk upf;fhTk; fdlhTk; kw;Wk; Nkw; fj;jpa ehLfSk; %f;if Eioj;jd.

Mdhy; ,k;Kiw Nghu;j; je;jpuk; khwpaJ. i`l;bapy; vq;Fk; Racjtpf; FOf;fs;. jd;dhu;tf;FOf;fs;> muRrhuh cjtpf;FOf;fs;> kdpj cupik epWtdq;fs; vd vd;.[p.X mikg;Gfs; fhshd;fsha; Kisj;jd. gy Mapuk; Nfhb lhyu;fis gd;dhl;L Kjyhsp fs; mjpy; nfhl;bdu;. cyfp NyNa vd;.[p.X mikg;G mjp fk; nray;gl;lJk; mjdhy; ehL rPu;nfl;lJk; i`l;bapy; jhd;. 2004y; Kw;Nghf;F Njr gf;j muR J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ gpw;Nghf;F ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp elf;fpwJ. tWik> gQ; rk;> gLnfhiy> ,uj;jf; fsup> Gyk;ngaUk; mfjpfs; vd i`l;b fz;zPu; jPthf khwpg; NghAs;sJ. kdpj cupik Mu; tyu;fs; tha;nghj;jpf; fplf;fp whu;fs;.

vd;.[p.X mikg;GfSk; kdpjcupik mikg;GfSk; vg;gb Vfhjpgj;jpa iff;fUtp aha; - gd;dhl;L Kjyhspfspd; Vtyhsha; khwpg; Ngha;tpl;ld vd;gjd; ,d;iwa rhl;rp i`l;b.

MapDk; md;W Njh\p az;l; nrhd;dJNghy;> mq;F tpLjiy kuk; kPz;Lk; jiof; Fk;... me;ehs; ntFnjhiytpy; ,y;iy.

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