kf;fs; rPdj;jpd; kfj;jhd kzptpoh

(rPj;jhuhk; nar;R+up)

,e;j mf;Nlhgu; 1> kfj;jhd rPdg; Gul;rpapd; mWgjhk; Mz;L epiwT ehs;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; kdpjFy ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; eilngw;w %d;W Kf;fpa epfo;Tfspy; xd;whf kf;fs; rPdf; FbauR epWtg;gl;lJ fUjg;gLfpwJ. 1917,y; eilngw;w khngUk; mf;Nlhgu; Nrhryp];l; Gul;rp> 1945,y; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; ghrprk; mile;j gLNjhy;tpAk; mjidj; njhlu;e;J cyfpy; gy ehLfs; fhydpahjpf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;lik> rPdg; Gul;rp Mfpa %d;Wk; kdpjFy ehfupf tuyhw;wpy; vd;nwd;Wk; mopf;fKbahj tifapy; Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;Js;sd.

fle;j mWgjhz;Lfspy;> rPdh Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj mstpw;F> kfj;jhd rhjidfis va;jpapUf;fpwJ. rk fhy tuyhw;wpy; Ntnwe;j ehLk; ,e;j mstpw;F rhjidfisg; gilj;jpltpy;iy. ruhrupahf xt;Nthuhz;Lk; Vw;gl;l ,ul;il ,yf;f tsu;r;rp tpfpjkhdJ Nrhryp];l; rPdhit cyfpd; ty;yik tha;e;j nghUshjhu ehlhf khw;wp ,Uf;fpwJ. rPdh> 1978 ,y; jd;Dila rPu;jpUj;j eltbf;iffisj; njhlq;fpa rkaj;jpy;> ‘Nrhrypr rPdh jd;Dila tsu;r;rpf;F Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghijiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jpUg;gjhf’g; gyu; fpz;lybj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;> ,d;W Kjyhspj;Jt cyfk; fLk; nghUshjhu ke;jj;jhy; epiyFiye;J NghapUf;ff; $ba R+o;epiyapy;> Kjyhspj;Jt cyfNk jd;Dila neUf;fbapypUe;J kPs rPdh cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu; ghu;f;ff;$ba epiy cUthfpAs;sJ.

,j;jifa kfj;jhd rhjid vt;thW rhj;jpakhdJ? Fwpg;ghf> ,Ugjhz;LfSf;F Kd;G kfj;jhd Nrhryp];l; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; jfu;e;J tpl;l epiyapy; ,J vg;gb Kbe;jJ? ‘Nrhryprj;jpd; rtg;ngl;bapy; Mzp mbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ> ,dp Kjyhspj;JtNk rhRtjkhdJ’ vd;nwy;yhk; Vfhjpgj;jpa kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jt mwpT[Ptpfs; mywpf; nfhz;bUf;f> mijg;gw;wpf; fpQ;rpw;Wk; rl;il nra;ahky; Nrhryp];l; rPdk; jd; nghUshjhu ntw;wpfisj; njhlu;e;J Vw;gLj;jp te;jJ. ‘Nrhrypr rpj;jhe;jj;jpw;F KbT fl;lg;gl;Ltpl;lJ’ vd;W $wp te;j tyJrhup mwpT[Ptpfs; ,jdhy; cz;ikapy; mjpu;r;rpaile;J> ,g;NghJ rPdhtpd; ntw;wpfSf;Fk; khu;f;rpak; my;yJ Nrhryprj;jpw;Fk; rk;ge;jk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;yp tUfpwhu;fs;. ,lJrhup mwpT[Ptpfspy; rpyu; $l> rPdhtpd; ntw;wp> Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij kPz;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhy;jhd; vd;fpw Kiwapy; fUJfpwhu;fs;. “khNthtpd; rPdk; iffOtg;gl;L tpl;ljh?> ‘Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghijapy; nry;Nthu;’ rPdj;ij kPz;Lk; Msj; njhlq;fptpl;lhu;fsh? rPdhtpy; Nrhryprj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; vd;dthFk;?” vd;W rpyu; Nfl;fpwhu;fs;

rPdg; Gul;rpapd; mWgjhk; Mz;L tpohf; nfhz;lhlg;glf;$ba ,j;jUzj;jpy; ,f;Nfs;tpfspy; rpytw;iw Muha;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

ve;j xU ehl;bYk; Nrh\yprg; Gul;rp ntw;wp ngw;w clNdNa me;ehl;bd; nghUshjhug; gpw;Nghf;F epiyikAk;> cw;gj;jp rf;jpfspd; fPo;kl;l epiyfSk; khwptpLk; vd;gNjh> Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij tplTk; cau;thd epiyf;F cw;gj;jp rhjdq;fspd; tsu;r;rp cau;e;JtpLk; vd;gNjh rhj;jpak; my;y vd;gij khNkij nydpd;> u\;a R+oy;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.

kf;fs; rPdj;jpYk;> cw;gj;jp rf;jpfspd; fPo;kl;l epiyf;Fk;> Nrh\yprj;jpd; fPohd cw;gj;jp cwTfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

fyhr;rhug; Gul;rpf; fhyj;jpy;> kf;fs; rPdj;jpy; xU Fog;g epiy Vw;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> mq;F ‘ehy;tu; Fk;gy;’ J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; gpur;ridfs; njhlu;ghf rPd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Xu; Mokhd Ra gupNrhjidia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mjd; tpisthf xU tpupthd jj;Jthu;j;j epiyghL cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU ikakhd flik> ,uz;L mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;>(One Central task, Two basic Concepts) vd;w ngaupy;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia xU ikakhd flikahfTk;> khu;f;rpa-nydpdpak; kw;Wk; jpwe;j fjTf;nfhs;if (Open door Policy) vd;git ,uz;L mbg;gil mk;rq;fshfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld.

kf;fs; rPdj;jpy; khu;f;rpa-nydpdpak; vd;gJ> khNr Jq; rpe;jidfs;> Nrh\yprg;ghij> kf;fs; [dehafk; vd;Dk; tu;f;f ru;thjpfhuk;> fk;A+dprf; fl;rpapd; jiyik vd;w ehd;F Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghLfis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jpwe;j fjTf; nfhs;if nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jj;ijf; Fwpj;jJ.

,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1982 ,y; njhlq;fp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,J Fwpj;j nlq; rpNah gpq; $wpajhtJ :

“xU gpw;gl;l ehL Nrhryprj;ijf; fl;l Kaw;rpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> Muk;gfhyj;jpy; me;ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfs;> Kd;Ndwpa Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; cs;s cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfSf;F ,izahf ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;gJk;> KOikahf tWikia xopf;ff;$ba mstpw;F ,Uf;fhJ vd;gJk; ,aw;ifNa. vdNt jhd;> Nrhryprj;ijf; fl;Lk; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ehq;fs;> vq;fs; cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfis tsu;j;njLf;fTk;> tWikiag; gbg;gbahf xopj;Jf;fl;lTk;> mjidj; njhlu;e;J kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ijg; gbg;gbahf cau;j;jplTk;> vq;fshy; Md midj;J Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,t;thW nra;ahtpby;> vq;qdk; Kj yhspj;Jtj;ij> Nrhryprk; ntw;wp nfhs;Sk;?

vdNtjhd;> vq;fSila gzpapd; Ftpikak;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia Nehf;fpj; jpUk;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mk; KbT xU jpUg;GKidahFk;. mjd; gpd; eilngw;w eilKiwfs;> ehk; Nkw;nfhz;l epiyg;ghL kpfr; rup vd;gij nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy; mike;jd. xl;Lnkhj;j ehl;bd; Kfj;Njhw;wNk khwptpl;lJ.’’ (nlq; rpNah gpq;fpd; Nju;T E}y;fs;> njhFjp 3> gf;. 21-22).

,Jjhd;> Nrhryprj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lk; njhlu;ghd Gupe;Jzu;thFk;.

,NjhL Nrh\ypr re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;Ljy; vd;w epiy ghl;ilAk; rPd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp tbj;njLj;jJ. ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l jpl;lkpLtJ> re;ij rf;jpfisAk; - fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp rf;jpfis typik tha;e;jjhf tsu;j;njLg;gJ> mjd;%yk; kf;fs; eyd; rhu;e;j Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ vd;gNj ,e;j epiyghlhFk;.

kf;fs; rPdk;> cyfpNyNa kpf mjpf kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;l ehL. ,j;jifa kpfg;ngupa ehl;bd; etPd Nrh\yprg; nghUshjhu mikg;igf; fl;Ltnjd;gJ> gpukpf;fj;jf;f gzpahFk;. rPdj;jpd; jdpj;Jt milahsq;fSf;Nfw;g Nrhryprj;ijf; fl;Ljy; vd;W ,e;j eilKiwia mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

rPd Nrhrypr murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpy;> cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; midj;Jk; muRf;Nf nrhe;jk;. %yjdj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F muRf;Nf nrhe;jk;. muRg; nghUshjhuNk nghUshjhuj;jpd; [Ptehbiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpLk;> Njrpag; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpLk;. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf rPd muR> jdpahu; re;ijg; nghUsh jhuj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikiaf; Fiwj;jplTk;> njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpw;F nry;tk; nrd;wiltijAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;jpaJ.

,j;jifa rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; tpisthf> 1978 f;Fg;gpd; rPdk; kfj;jhd ntw;wpfisf; Ftpj;jJ. rPd kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;> gha;r;ry; Ntfj;jpy; Kd;NdwpaJ. tWik kl;lk; kpff; $u;ikahd Kiwapy; Fiwe;jJ. Rfhjhuk;> cau; fy;tp> mwptpay; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp Mfpa Jiwfspy; rPdk; kpfTk; gpukpf;fj;jf;f tpjj;jpy; Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. 1978 ,y; mjd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp 364.5 gpy;ypad; Athd;fshFk;. Mdhy; 2007 ,y; mJ 68 klq;F cau;e;J> 25.1 bupy;ypad; Athd;fshf tsu;e;jpUf;fpwJ. 1978 ,y; efu;g;Gw kf;fspd; Mz;L ruhrup tUkhdk; 343.4 Athd;. 2007 ,y; mJ 13>786 Athd;fshf 40 klq;F mjpfupj;jpUf;fpwJ. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; tUkhdKk; 133.6 Athd;fspypUe;J 31 klq;F cau;e;J 4>140 Athd;fshf mjpfupj;jpUf;fpwJ. ehl;bd; Viofspd; vz;zpf;if 1978 ,y; 250 kpy;ypad;fshf ,Ue;jJ. 2007 ,y; 14.79 kpy;ypad;fshff; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

2008 Mk; Mz;by;> nkhj;j cs; ehl;L cw;gj;jp> nrd;w Mz;il tpl 9 rjtpfpjk; mjpfupj;jJ. fle;j Ie;jhz;Lfshf jhdpa cw;gj;jp njhlu;e;J mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. fpuhkg;Gw kf;fspd; jdpegu; Mz;L tUkhdk; 8 rj tpfpjk; cau;e;jpUf;ff;$ba mNj rkaj;jpy;> efu;g;Gw kf;fspd; jdpegu; Mz;L tUkhdk; 8.4 rjtpfpjk; mjpfupj;jpUf;fpwJ. 2008 Mk; Mz;L rPdhtpy; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhf ele;JKbe;j fz;ftu; xypk;gpf;]; tpisahl;Lf;fspy; jq;fg;gjf;fq;fs; ngw;wjpy;> mnkupf;fhit Ke;jpf;nfhz;L te;J> Kjy; ehlhf cau;e;J epd;wJ. cyfj;jpNyNa kpf mjpf mstpy; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JNthUk; rPdj;jpy; jhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. 300 kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhd mstpy; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JNthupy; 270 kpy;ypad; Ngu; gpuhl;Ngz;l; trjpiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;. rPdh> mwptpay; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; rhjidfs; gilj;J tUfpwJ. rPd tpz;ntsp tpQ;Qhdpfs;> jq;fSila nrd;nrs 7 tpz;jsj;jpypUe;J Vtg;gl;l tpz;fyj;jpd; %ykhf tpz;zpy; ele;J rhjid gilj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. rkPgj;jpy; rPdhtpd; ntd;Rthd; gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l G+fk;gj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F epthuzg; gzpfis tpiue;J mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lijg; ghu;f;ifapy; rPdk; gy JiwfspYk; Kd;NdwpapUg;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> ve;j mstpw;F kf;fspd; r%fg; nghWg;GfspYk; mf;fiw nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij cyFf;F nka;g;gpj;jJ. ,it midj;Jk; vg;gbr; rhj;jpakhdJ? ,it midj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; epr;rakhf rPdk; ‘khNthap];l; ghij’ apypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wjhy; my;y> khwhf rPd kf;fs; FbauR fle;j Kg;gjhz;L fhykhf kj;jpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fpAs;s cWjpahd mbj;jsq;fis tsu;j;njLj;jjd; fhuzkhfNt ,t;tsTk; rhj;jpakhfpaJ.

MapDk;> kf;fs; rPdk; kfj;jhd rhjidfisg; gilj;jpl;l NghjpYk;> tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf Gjpa gpur;ridfSk; vOe;Js;sd. gpujhdkhf mjpfupj;JtUk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik kw;Wk; yQ;r Coy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tw;iw ed;F czu;e;Js;s rPdf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp ,tw;iwr; rkhspj;jpl eltbf;iffis vLj;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; Ntiy Kiwapid etPdg; gLj;jp tUtjhy; epiwa Copau;fs; Ntiyapof;f Ntz;ba epiy cs;sJ. ,tu;fSf;F muR Fiwe;jgl;r tho;f;if Cjpak; mspg;gJld;> khw;W Ntiyf;fhd jpwikfis tsu;f;f kW fy;tpAk; mspj;j NghjpYk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; murpd; Kd; cs;s xU kpfg;ngupa gpur;ridNaahFk;.

tsu;e;JtUk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik fhuzkhf Gjpa Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; rPdj;jpy; cUthfp tUfpwjh vd;w xU Nfs;tpAk; ,g;NghJ vOfpwJ.

nlq;rpNahgpq;> njw;F rPdj;jpw;F tp[ak; nra;jNghJ NgrpajhtJ: “,d;W ehk; guprPypf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa mk;rk; vd;d? ehk; nry;Yk; ghij Kjyhspj;Jtg; ghijah> Nrhryprg; ghijah vd;gNjahFk;. ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;ghij rupahdjh vd;gij Nrhryp];l; r%fj;jpd; cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfis tsu;j;J Nkk;gLj;jpl mJ cjTfpwjh> Nrhryp];l; murpid xl;Lnkhj;jkhf mJ tYg;gLj;Jfpwjh kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tho;f; ifj;juj;ij cau;j;jpl mJ cjTfpwjh vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl fzpj;jpl KbAk;.” (rPdhtpy; r%f mwptpay;fs;> njhFjp 20> vz; 2> gf;. 29)

NkYk;> 1985 ,y; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; tsu;e;J tUk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik Fwpj;J vOe;j Iaq;fs; njhlu;ghf nlq;rpNah gpq; $wpajhtJ: ‘‘tsu;e;J tUk; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlu;ghf ehk; Mo;e;J guprPypj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. ek;ik kPwp ,d;ndhU NtWgl;l Nfhl;ghL nfhz;l tu;f;fk; cUthFkhdhy;> ehk; Nkw;nfhz;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Njhy;tpaile;Jtpl;lnjd;Nw nghUs;. xU Gjpa Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; cUthtJ rhj;jpakh? tpuy;tpl;L vz;zf; $ba mstpy; xUrpy Kjyhspfs; cUthfplyhk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; xU tu;f;fkhf cUthf khl;lhu;fs;.

“RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tnjd;why;> ehk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mky;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ek; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; cilikAupikjhd; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp> Kjyhspfs; xU tu;f;fkhf cUthtjw;F vjpuhff; fhj;J epw;Fk;. fle;j ehd;fhz;Lfspy;> ,e;j epiyg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapNyNa ehk; gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. mjhtJ> Nrhryprj;ij vg;NghJk; ehk; cau;j; jpg;gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;.’’ (nlq;rpNah gpq;fpd; Nju;T E}y;fs;> njhFjp 3> gf;. 142-143)

rPdhtpd; jdpj;Jt milahsq;fSf;Nfw;g Nrhryprj;ijf; fl;Lk; Mokhd Kaw;rpapy; rPdf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp <Lgl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gJ kpfj; njspthdjhFk;. rPdf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp> cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpfis Ntfkhf tpupthf;fplTk;> ,j;jifa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; %ykhf rPdhtpy; Nrhryprj;ij tYg;gLj;jplTk; xUKfg;gLj;jplTk; ngUKaw;rp nra;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

mt;thW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mNj rkaj;jpy;> ,j;jifa Kaw;rpfspd; tpisthf Nrhryprj;ijNa tYtpof;fr;nra;J mopj;jplf;$ba tpjj;jpy;> rpy Nghf;Ffs; Njhd;wpapUg;gJk; cz;ik. mjd; fhuzkhf Nrhryprj;jpw;F vjpuhd rpe;jidfSk; NkNyhq;fp tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. rPdj;jpy; cs;s Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; epjp %yjdk; Nrhryprj;ij tYg;gLj;jpl tpUk;ghJ> khwhf jd; yhgj;ij mjpfg;gLj;jplTk;> Nrhryprj;jpw;F vjpuhd mk;rq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Ntiyfisr; nra;jplTNk KaYk;. Nrhryprj;ij gytPdg;gLj;jpl epr;rakhf mit KaYk;. jhq;fs; nfhs;is yhgk; milaf;$ba tpjj;jpy;> Nrhryprj;ijj; jfu;j;jplTk; Kaw;rpf;Fk;. kf;fs; rPdj;jpy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; Nrhryprj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;W tUk; ,d;iwa Nghuhl;lk; ,Jjhd;. rPdg; Gul;rpapd; mWgjhk; Mz;L tpohitf; nfhz;lhLk; ,j;jUzj;jpy;> Nrhryprj;ij tYg;gLj;jp> xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf rPdf; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp elj;jptUk; ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ehKk;> cyfk; KOtJk; cs;s fk;A+ dp];l;LfSk; vd;nwd;Wk; Mjuthf epw;Nghk;.

(Mq;fpy %yj;jpypUe;J jkpo;r;RUf;fk; : tPukzp)